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SimonedeBeauvoir
Pre-reading
SimonedeBeauvoir（1908-1986）wasaFrenchwriterandsocialactivist，ahemostiialfemisofthe20thtury.Beauvotadegreeinphilosophyin1929fromtheéaleSuperiéureandtheSorboJean-PaulSartretobeginafree，lifelongassowithhiBeauvoirandSartreremainedinParisduringWorldWarⅡ，aiveiaagainsttheGermano.DuriheyrefiheprinciplesofExistentialisAfterthewarBeauvoirbeittedwriter，herwritingsingtheheMandarins（LesMandarins1954）whichreceivedthePrixGonciousFrenchliteraryaward.ShecollaboratedwithSartreoidliteraryjourempsmoderimes）ahhimthroughoutEurope，AsiaandAmerica.BeauvoirisknownprimarilyforhertreatiseTheSedSex（Ledeuxièmesexe1949），ascholarlyandpassioheabolitionofwhatshecalledthemythofthe“eternalfemibecameaiureduringthe1960s，aialanalysisofthesituatioremelyiialiioheory.Iingssherevealedherselfasawomanofformidabledihebasisofanindividualmadeonthepremisesofanequalvoanandwomanfoundedonaonstructure，iheirsexuality.Forthisandmanyothers，shehasofteoas“Grahturyfeminis
Promptsf
1.Afterreadihs，makeaprediforthepossibletheauthhtetointhefollraphs.
2.Howwouldyouehor’stoudetowardthequestionssheraisedintheopeningparagraphs?
3.Ihequestionof“whatisawomahorg-standiasfrommehemselves，greatthinkersorsdeventheBible.Locatethesedfiicalremarksoftheauthor.
4.Listupthosemythiitions”
ofwomenfrommeive.
&horasksthequestions:Whyisitthatwomendonotdisputemalesnty?Whehissubmissioninthean?Readcarefullyfortheahesequestions.
&yiyisnotunoweengroupsofpeople，bladwhite，poorandriativeac.Butwhatisdistinguishinglyspecialaboutiybetweenmanand>
[1]FtimeIhavehesitatedtowriteabookonwomaisirritatiowomen;anditisnotnew.Enoughinkhasbeenspilledinquarrellingoverfeminism，andperhapsweshouldsay.Itisstilltalkedabout，however，forthevolumiereddurituryseemstohavedooillumiheprobleAfterall，isthereaproblem?Andifso，whatisit?Aretherewomen，really?Mostassuredlythetheoryoftheeternalfemiillhasitsadherentshisperinyourear:“EveninRussiawomenstillarewomen”
;aepersoheverysame—saywithasigh:“Womanislosingherway，womanislost.”
Onewondersifwome，iftheywillalwaysexist，whetherornotitisdesirablethattheyshould，lacetheyothislaceshouldbe.“Whathasbeen?”
wasaskedreanephemeralmagazine.
[2]Butfirstwemustask:whatisawoman?“Totamulierinutero，”
saysone，“womanisawomb2.”
Butinspeakiainwomen，oisseurs3declarethattheyarehoughtheyareequippedwithauterus4liketherest.Allagreeinregthefactthatfemalesexistinthehumaodayasalwaystheymakeupaboutonehalfofhumanity.Aoldthatfemininityisindanger;weareexhortedtobewomen，remainwomen，been.Itear，then，thateveryfemalehumanbeingisnotnecessarilyawoman;tobesosideredshemustshareinthatmysteriousaeyky.Isthisattributesomethiheovaries5?OrisitaPlatonice，aproductofthephilosophiatipettiitdowhoughsomewomeoihisesseishardlypateisfrequentlydesvagueanddazzliseemtohavebeehevocabularyoftheseers，ahetimesofSt.Thomasitwassideredaaihesomueofthepoppy.
[3]Butceptualismhaslostground.Thebiologidsoittheexistengeablyfixededetermieristics，suchasthoseasaheNegro.Sceregardsanycharacteristicasareadepeinpartuponasituation.Iftodayfemininitys，theed.Butdoesthewordwoman，then，havenospetent?Thisisstoutlyaffirmedbythosewhoholdtothephilosophyofthee，ofrationalism，ofnominalism6;women，tothem，aremerelythehumanbeingsarbitrarilydesighewordwoman.ManyAmerienparticularlyarepreparedtothinkthatthereisnolongeranyplaanassuch;ifabadividualstilltakesherselfforawoman，herfrieobepsyalyzedaridofthisobsessiardtoawork，ModernWomaSex，whiotherrespectshasitsirritatihyParker7haswritten:“Iotbejusttobookswhianaswoman...Myideaisthatallofus，menaswellaswomen，shardedashumanbeings.”
Butnominalismisaratheririheashavehadnotroubleinshowingthatwomensimplyarenotmen.Surelywomanis，likeman，ahumasuchadeisabstract.Thefactisthateverycretehumanbeingisalwaysasieindividual.Todeetoacceptsusastheeterheblacksoul，theJewishcharaottodenythatJews，Negroes，womeoday—thisderepreseionforthoseed，butratheraflightfromreality.Soariterrefusedtopermitherportraittoappeariographsespeciallydevotedtowomenwriters;shewishedtobeoiogainthisprivilegeshemadeuseofherhusband’sinflueneheyaremenlayethelesstomassideratio.IrecallalsoayoungTrotskyite8standingonaplatformataboisterousmeetiiouseherfists，inspiteofherevidentfragilityshewasdenyingherfeminiitwasforloveofamilitantmalewhoseequalshewishedtobe.Theattitudeofdefianerieheyarehauntedbyaseheirfemininity.Intruth，togoforawalkwithone’seyesopeodemohumanityisdividedintotwoclassesofindividualswhoseclothes，failes，gaits，is，andoalydifferehesedifferencesaresuperficial，perhapstheyaredestiodisappear.Whatisisthattheydomostobviouslyexist.
[4]Ifherfungasafemaleisodefinewoman，ifwedeealsotoexplaihrough“theeternalfeminine”
，ahelessrovisionally，thatwomehefacethequestion“whatisa>
[5]Tostatethequestionis，tome，tosuggest，atonce，aprelimihefactthatIaskitisinitselfsignifit.AmaouttowriteabookonthepeculiarsituationofthehumaifIwishtodefinemyself，Imustfirstofallsay:“Iamawoman”
;onthistruthmustbebasedallfurtherdisanneverbegiinghimselfasanindividualofasex;itgoeswithoutsayingthatheisamaermsmasdfeminirilyasamatterofform，asonlegalpapers.Inactualitytherelatiowosexesishatoftwoelectricalpoles，formahthepositivearal，asisiheoodesignatehumanbeingsingeneral;whereasresentsoive，definedbylimitihoutreciprothemidstofanabstractdisitisvexingtohearamansay:“Youthinkthusandsobecauseyouareawoman”
;butIknowthatmyooreply:“Ithinkthusaistrue”
，therebyremovingmysubjectiveselffrument.Itwouldbeoutofthequestiontoreply:“Andyouthirarybean”
，foritisuhatthefagamay.Amanisiinbeingaman;itisthewomanwhoisinthewrong.Itamountstothis:justasfortheaherewasaicalwithrefereowhichtheobliquewasdefihereisaype，themasanhasovaries，auterus:thesepeculiaritiesimprisonheriivity，circumscribeherwithisofherowisoftensaidthatshethinkswithherglands.Mansuperblyighathisanatomyalsoincludesglands，suchasthetestidthattheyseohinksofhisbodyasadirealhichhebelievesheappreheively，whereasheregardsthebodyofwomanasahindrance，aprison，weigheddowhioit.“Thefemaleisafemalebyvirtueofalackofqualities，”
saidAristotle，“weshardthefemalenatureasafflictedwithaiveness.”
AndSt.Thomasforhispartproobeaman”
，aal”
being.ThisissymbolizedinGenesiswhereEveisdepictedasmadefromwhatBossuetcalled“asupernumerarybone”
ofAda
[6]Thushumanityismaleandmandefineswomanasrelativetohim;sheisnardedasanautonomousbei10writes:“Womaivebeing...”
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