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&randRussell
Pre-reading
&randRussell（May1872-February1970）wasaBritishphili，mathemati，essayist，socialdpoliticalactivist.Heissideredohemainfoundersofmodernanalyticphilosophy;heisheldtobeohtury’spremierlogiaddition，hispsoyoftopiboththehumahenaturalsceshavebeionsofgeneralreaders.In1950hewasawardedNobelPrizeiure“iionofhisvariedandsignifitwritingsinwhichheanitarianidealsahought”
.HismajorworksihePrihematics，HistoryofWesternPhilosophy，ThequestofHappioafew.
IhebookletThequestofHappiness，publishedin1930，Russellsays，“Noprofoundphilosophyordeeperuditionwillbefound...AllthatIclaimfortherecipesofferedtothereaderisthattheyaresuchasareedbymyownexperiendobservation，andtheyhaveincreasedmyoinesswheneverIhaveaacewiththe”
TheHappyMachapterofThequestofHappiness.
Promptsf
1.Agtotheauthor，happinessdepeernalandinters.ectisthefocusoftheessay?
2.Whatisthemaincauseofunhappiernalotdefinitelyunfavorable?
3.Howachievehappiness?Whydoestheauthormentionprisraph1?
4.Whatdoes“liveobjectively”
mean?
5.Howdoyouuaerpretationofself-denial?
6.Inwhatwaysisahedofrardingtheissueofhappiness?
7.WhatisRussell’siionoflove?
8.Russellsupportshisargumentontherecipeforhappinessbyillustration（givingexamples）andparisonandtrast.Locatethemandexplaiheyare.
[1]Happiness，asisevidelyupoernaldpartlyupononeself.Wehavebeehisvolumewiththepartwhidsupononeself，andwehavebeeheviewthatsofarasthispartised，therecipeforhappinessisaverysimpleohoughtbymany，amongwhomIthiiwesideredinaer，thathappinessisimpossiblewithoutaoreiouskind.Itisthoughtbymahemselvesunhappythattheirsorrolidhighlyiualizedsources.Idosugsaregenuiherhappinessoruhinktheyareonlysymptoms.Themanwhoisunhappywill，asarule，adoptanunhappycreed，whilethemanytahappycreed;eachmayattributehishappinessoruohisbeliefs，whiletherealistheotherwayrouhingsareiothehappinessofmostmen，butthesearesimplethings:foodah，love，successfulworkaofone’sowosomepeopleparenthoodisalsoessehesethingsarelalytheexanachievehappiwheretheyareenjoyed，orbeobtaiedeffort，themanwhoisstillunhappyissufferingfromsomepsyaladjustmentwhich，ifitisverygrave，mayheservicesofapsychiatrist，butordinarycasesbecuredbythepatienthimself，providedhesetsaboutthematteriardotdefiunate，amanshouldbeabletoachievehappiness，providedthathispassionsasaredirectedoutward，notinward.Itshouldbeoureherefore，bothiionaoadjustourselvestotheworld，toaimatavoidieredpassionsandatagthoseaffedthoseiswhichwillpreventhtsfromdwelliuallyupoisureofmostmentobehappyinaprison，andthepassionswhichshutusupiuteokindsofprisons.Amongsueoftheoarefear，envy，thesenseofsiyandself-admiration.Inalltheseourdesiresareteredupohereisierworld，butonlyalestitshouldinsomewayinjureusorfailto.Fearistheprincipalreasonwhymenaresounwillingtoadmitfadsoanxioustothemselvesroundinawarmgarmentofmyth2.Butthethorhewarmgarmentandthecoldblastspehroughtherents，andthemanwhohasbeeaedtoitswarmthsuffersfarmorefromtheseblaststhanamanwhohashardehemfromthefirst.Moreover，thosewhodeceivethemselvesgenerallyknowatbottomthattheyaredoingso，aateofapprehesomeushouldforerealizationsuponthe
[2]Odrawbackstoself-teredpassionsisthattheyaffordsolittlevarietyihemanwholoveso，itistrue，beaishisaffes，butheisbouosufferintolerableboredomfromtheinvariablesameheobjectofhisdevotion.Themanwhosuffersfromasenseofsinissufferingfromapartidofself-love.Inallthisvastuhingthatappearstohimofmostimportahehimselfshouldbevirtuous.Itisagravedefesoftraditiionthattheyhaveehispartidofself-absorption.
[3]Thehappymanisthemaively，whohasfreeaffedwideis，whosecureshishappihroughtheseisaions，andthroughthefactthatthey，inturn，makehimaerestaomaobetheretofaffeisapotentcauseofhappihemanwhodemaionisnotthemanuponwhomitisbestowed.Themanwhoreceivesaffeis，speakingbroadly，themaitisuselesstoattempttogiveitasacal，inthewayinwhiightleerest，foracalculatedaffeotgenuineandisobesobytheret.
[4]Whatthendowhoisunhappybecauseheisenself?Soloihinkaboutthecausesofhisunhappiiobeself-teredandthereforedoessidetheviciouscircle;ifheistogetoutsideit，itmustbebyges，notbysimulatediedmerelyasamedie.Althoughthisdifficultyisreal，thereishathedoifhehasrightlydiagrouble.If，forexample，histroubleisduetoasenseofsin，sciousorunscious，hefirstpersuadehisindthathehasofeelsinful，andthehekihatwehavesiderediers，toplantthisrationalinhisunind，ghimselfmeahsomemoreorlessivity.Ifhesudispellingthesenseofsin，itisprobablethatgeiveisontaneously.Ifhistroubleisself-pity，hedealwithitinthesamemapersuadihereisraordinarilyunfortunateinhisces.Iffearishistrouble，lethimpracticeexercisesdesigogivece.warhasbeenreizedfromtimeimmemorialasanimportantvirtue，aofboysandyoungmeedtatypeofcharactercapableoffearlesstle.Butmeaualcehavebeeudied;theyalso，however，havetheirteique.Admittoyourselfeverydayatleastonepainfultruth;youwillfindthisquiteasusefulastheBoyScout’s3dailykindofa.Teachyourselftofeelthatlifewouldstillbewevenifyouwerenot，asofmeasurablysuperiortoallyourfriendsielligence.Exercisesofthissedthroughseveralyearswillatlasteoadmitfactswithoutflindwill，insodoing，freeyoufromtheempireoffearefield.
[5]Whattheobjeterestsaretobethatwillariseinyouwhenyouhaveoverethediseaseofself-absorptioothespontanesofyournatureaernalotsaytoyourselfinadvance，“IshouldbehappyifIeabsorbedinstamp-g”
，atoworktocollectstamps，foritmayenthatyouwillfailaltogethertofindstamp-giing.Onlywhatgeerestsyoubeofaoyou，butyoumaybeprettysurethatgeerestswillgrowupassoonasyouhavelearntnottobeimmersedinself.
[6]Thehappylifeistoaraordihesameasthegoodlife.Professionalmoralists4havemadetoomuchofself-denial，andinsodoiheemphasisinthewrongplasciousself-denialleavesamanself-absorbedandvividlyawareofwhathehassacrificeitfailsoftenofitsimmediateobjedalmostalwaysofitsultimatepurpose.Whatisself-denial，butthatkiioillleadspontaneouslyandnaturallytothesameactsthatapersohepursuitofhisownvirtuelyperformbymeansofsciousself-denial.Ihavewritteninthisbookasahedonist5，thatistosay，asardshappihegood，buttheamehepoihehedohewholethesameasthosetobereehesa.Themoralist，however，istooapt，thoughthisisnot，ofiversallytrue，tostresstheactratherthaeofmisofanatheagentwillbewidelydifferent，agtohisstateofmi.Ifyouseeachilddrowningaheresultofadirectimpulsethelp，youwillemergeheworsemorally.If，oherhand，yousaytoyourself，“Itisthepartofvirtuetosuccorthehelpless，andIwishtobeavirtuousman，thereforeImustsavethischild，”
youwillbeaneveerwardsthanyouwerebefore.liesiremecaseappliesinmaaarelessobvious.
[7]Thereisanotherdifferemoresubtle，betweeudetowardslifethatIhavebeenreendingandthatwhiehetraditionalmoralists.Thetraditionalmoralist，forexample，willsaythatloveshouldbeunselfish.Iai，thatistosay，itshouldnotbeselfishbeyondapoint，butitshouldundoubtedlybeofsuaturethatone’soinessisboundupinitssuccess.Ifamaealadytomarryhimohatheardentlydesiredherhappithesametimesideredthatshewouldaffordhimidealopportunitiesofself-abion，Ithinkitmaybedoubtedwhethershewouldbealtogetherpleased.Undoubtedlyweshoulddesirethehappihosewhomwelove，butnotasaoourown.Infactthewholeaweeherestoftheworld，whichisimpliedirineofself-denial，disappearsassoonaswehaveainperssoutsideourselves.Throughsuterestsamaofeelhimselfpartofthestreamoflife，notahardseparateentitylikeabilliard-ball，whihaveionwithothersutitiesexceptthatof.Allunhappinessdependsuponsomekindofdisiionorlategration;thereisdisiionwithihroughlackofatiohesdtheunind;thereislategratioheselfaywherethetwoarenotkheforceofobjeterestsahehappymanisthemasufferfromeitherofthesefailuresofunity，whosepersonalityisherdividedagainstitselftheworld.Sufeelshimselfaoftheuniverse，enjoyihespectaclethatitoffersahatitaffords，uhethoughtofdeathbecausehefeelshimselfnotreallyseparatefromthosewhowilleafterhiItisinsudinstinioreamoflifethatthegreatestjoyistobefound.
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